PSA Test

Why take the PSA blood test?

Whether it’s inflammation, benign enlargement or cancer, prostate diseases can be treated better the earlier they are detected.

For example, prostatitis (inflammation of the prostate) can become chronic if it is not treated early, with consequences spanning from problems with urination to erectile dysfunction. Prostate cancer can be fatal. In the United Kingdom, it is the most common type of cancer in men, with more than 48,000 new cases recorded every year.

At the same time, some changes in the prostate (such as prostate cancer) are often not accompanied by noticeable symptoms for a long time. The PSA Blood Test can help to get an early indication of such diseases, which can improve the chances of treatment.

It is important to get a medical examination if you have elevated PSA levels. This is because in many cases, PSA levels are elevated without cancer causing them. Doctors can look into this more closely and give you recommendations for treatment, depending on the diagnosis.

Who should take the PSA Test?

All men or people who have a prostate should consider taking the cerascreen® PSA Test.

As a rule, examinations for detecting prostate cancer are recommended for men from the age of 45, as the cancer usually occurs at an older age. However, other diseases of the prostate, such as prostatitis, can affect people of all ages.

A PSA Test is particularly useful if you suspect you have an increased risk of prostate cancer – for example, because there are cases of prostate cancer in your family.

How does the PSA Blood Test work?

For the PSA Blood Test, take a small blood sample from your fingertip with a lancet. Only a few drops of blood are needed for this. Collect the drops on a dry blood card – this way, you only have to take a very small amount of blood and the sample can be stored for a long time.

The sample is sent free of charge to our specialised medical laboratory in a return envelope. The laboratory analyses the concentration of prostate-specific antigen in your blood.

After the lab analysis, you will receive a notification telling you that you can access the results report by logging in to your account on our website or via the My cerascreen® app.

What does the results report tell me?

The results report notifies you of your PSA levels and therefore the concentration of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in your blood.

You will also find out whether your PSA levels are within the reference range – that is, within the usual range used as a reference for healthy adults. If the PSA value is above 4 nanogrammes per millilitre of blood, it is considered to be high, according to these reference values.

What recommendations will I receive?

If your PSA levels are in the higher range, we recommend that you contact your doctor for further tests.

We will also give you a number of recommendations to help you avoid risk factors for prostate cancer and prevent prostate disease. This primarily involves leading a healthy lifestyle with a balanced diet and regular exercise.

What is a PSA level?

The prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a protein that is produced in the prostate by healthy cells. The larger the prostate, the more PSA is produced – which is why levels usually increase with age, when the prostate naturally enlarges.

But diseases can also cause the prostate to grow and release more PSA. This is the case with benign prostate enlargement, but also when cancer cells develop in prostate cancer.

The more PSA is produced in the prostate, the more can be detected in the blood – this is the basis of PSA blood tests.

What is prostatitis?

Prostatitis (inflammation of the prostate) is usually caused by a bacterial infection, in which pathogens migrate from the blood, bladder or urethra into the prostate.

Prostatitis can cause various unpleasant symptoms, especially:

• Pain in the perineal area
• Fever
• Difficulty and pain urinating
• Erectile dysfunction
• Fatigue and weakness

If the disease lasts three months or longer, experts call it chronic prostatitis. Symptoms are usually not as severe as with acute prostatitis.

What is benign prostate enlargement?

When non-malignant cells multiply in the prostate gland and cause it to grow, this is called benign prostatic syndrome (BPS) or benign prostatic enlargement. This change in the prostate is very common in older age.

These benign cell changes do not usually develop into prostate cancer. However, an enlarged prostate can cause symptoms such as frequent urination, pain when urinating and incontinence.

What is prostate cancer?

Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers of all. Worldwide, it is the second most common cancer in men and the fifth leading cause of death.*

The most important risk factor for prostate cancer is age. This type of cancer is very rare in people under 50, but the risk rises sharply in older age. It is likely that very old men almost always develop prostate cancer – studies in which people were examined in a post-mortem after their death revealed that nine out of ten men over 90 had this tumour in their bodies.

It is true that some tumours in the prostate can grow quickly and lead to dangerous metastases. However, prostate cancer often grows slowly or not at all for a long time. As long as the cancer remains in the prostate, it usually causes little discomfort. Because the cancer often grows so slowly, the numbers of deaths from prostate cancer are also relatively low, even though the disease is so common. In fact, those affected by prostate cancer often die of other causes.

* Source: Rawla, Prashanth. ‘Epidemiology of Prostate Cancer.’ World journal of oncology, vol. 10.2 (2019), pp. 63-89, doi:10.14740/wjon1191.

How is prostate cancer diagnosed and treated?

To detect prostate cancer early, urology specialists perform PSA tests as well as palpation examinations on the prostate.

In the United Kingdom, a PSA test alone is not enough to diagnose someone with prostate cancer – although it can detect aggressive forms of the cancer or a slower-growing cancer. Most men are now offered an MRI, for example, to confirm or rule out prostate cancer.

If the PSA value, palpation, ultrasound or MRI reveal a reason to suspect prostate cancer, doctors usually perform a biopsy. This involves taking tissue from the prostate, which is then examined in the laboratory. This biopsy usually leads to a clear diagnosis.

If a tumour is found in the prostate, it can be treated with surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy or hormone therapy. If the cancer is in an early stage and has not yet metastasised, it is often easy to cure. However, surgery can lead to complications and side effects such as incontinence and impotence.

Why are children under 18 not allowed to take the test?

Our tests are not suitable for underage children and adolescents under the age of 18. Under 18s cannot activate the tests online and therefore cannot receive a test result. We ask that you do not administer the tests to your children either.

Children and adolescents need much closer supervision and counselling regarding medical tests and their interpretation. Testing with lancets and chemicals is not without risk and would need to be closely supervised by guardians. In addition, the reference values we give are always based on adult data. In the case of children, the risk of misinterpreting the results would be very high.

We want to fulfil our responsibility as a provider of medical products and ensure that children and adolescents are not unsettled by measurement results that are difficult for them to interpret. Since we cannot control whether the minors' legal guardians actually consent to the test being carried out and supervise them, we exclude tests for under 18s altogether.

If you are under 18 and have purchased a test, please contact our customer support.

Why does it take up to a week for the sample to reach the lab?

Please bear in mind that your results will not be analyzed in the UK but in Germany. For that reason, it can take up to a week for the sample to arrive at the lab. This does not affect the stability of the samples, as the method we are using is optimized for long transports.

Initially, your sample is sent to our collection center in the UK. From there, it is shipped to our central sample sorting facility in Germany, which then distributes samples to our partner laboratories. Once your sample is analyzed there, you will receive a notification and can access your result online.

Please check your mailbox regularly. We will notify you as soon as your sample is sent, arrives, or is analyzed.